÷ƒ’À;è TeX output 1994.05.24:1406‹ÿÿÿÿ ‹ú- ýW‘ì Šn ý‘ì’´‰Ró'ò"V ó3 cmbx10ÒLjubljana–2Arti cial“In¦ttelligence“LabY‹oratories“(LAI)Ž¤ ™š‘>ÃJ.–2Stefan“Institute“and“F‘þó\acult¦ty“of“Electrical“Eng.‘˜¼and“Computer“ScienceŽ¡’šgLjubljanaŽ¡’ ó/Slo•¦tv“eniaŽŸ'34‘sçResearc¦thersŽ¡‘sçó"Kñ`y ó3 cmr10ÍIv‘ÿdDan–nïBratk²!o,›­:Bo‘›»jan“Cestnik,˜Sa‘ÿl‘ûXso“D²#‘úÔCzeroski,˜Aram“Karali²#‘úÔCc,˜Igor“Kononenk²!o,˜Matevš²#‘úÔCz“Ko²!v‘ÿdDa˜–úÔCci˜“c,Ž¡‘sçNada–¦fLa²!vra²#‘úÔCc,“Dunja“Mladeni²"ŽcŽŽ‘ÝÞ.Ž©34‘sçÒILP‘2AreasŽ¡‘sçÍImpMÞerfect–¦fdata,“P›ÿeA•²!C-learnabilit“y˜,›¦fDeclarativ“e˜bias,˜Multiple˜predicate˜learning.Ž¦‘sçÒDescription–2of“Researc¦thŽ¡‘sçÍThe–0¤main“aspMÞects“of“LAI›0†researc²!h“in“the“area“of“ILP˜are“the“dev•²!elopmen“t–0¤of“ILP˜algorithmsŽ¡‘sçand–Õktheir“application“to“real-w²!orld“problems.‘jíSpšMÞeci c“topics“include“handling“imp˜erfectŽ¡‘sçdata,‘©Jhandling–uƒnš²!umerical“constrain˜ts,›©Jusing“statistical“inference,˜heuristic,˜stoMÞc²!hastic“andŽ¡‘sçgenetic–¦fsearcš²!h“tec˜hniques,“declarativ˜e“bias“and“learnabilit˜y“in“ILP‘ÿe.Ž¡‘-sçThe–problem“of“missing“and“impšMÞerfect“data,‘6Gincluding“noise“(random“errors)“has“b˜eenŽ¡‘sçthoroughly›Iéin•²!v“estigated˜[13Ž‘ ó4,˜5Ž‘ Ã].‘ÈgThis˜problem˜is˜addressed˜also˜in˜a˜system˜for˜relationalŽ¡‘sçregression–| devš²!elopMÞed“at“LAI,“as“w˜ell“as“in“the“m˜ultiple“predicate“learning“con˜text“[4Ž‘yš].‘^ÉAŽ¡‘sçsubstan²!tial›¦fb•MÞo“dy˜of˜LAI˜researc²!h˜in˜the˜area˜of˜noise˜handling˜is˜describ“ed˜in˜[13Ž‘ ó4].Ž¡‘-sçMost–t*of“ILP‘sõresearcš²!h“has“bMÞeen“dev˜oted“to“the“implemen˜tations“of“ILP‘sõsystems,‘§›theirŽ¡‘sçexpMÞerimenš²!tal–4ev‘ÿdDaluation“and“application“to“real-w˜orld“domains.‘·ÃKno˜wledge“syn˜thesis“is“oneŽ¡‘sçof–é»the“impšMÞortan²!t“asp˜ects“of“ILP›éª[1Ž‘yš].‘§ÝAn“early“approac²!h“to“ILP˜has“bšMÞeen“dev²!elop˜ed“withinŽ¡‘sçthe–.KARDIO›Õpro‘›»ject“[3Ž‘yš].‘î6The“ILP˜systems“LINUS˜[12Ž‘ ó4,“13Ž‘ôb],‘WàmF²!OIL˜[5Ž‘yš]“and“MARKUSŽ¡‘sç[10Ž‘ ó4]›dDha•²!v“e˜bMÞeen˜dev“elop•MÞed.‘xSto“c•²!hastic˜and˜genetic˜approac“hes˜ha“v“e˜also˜bMÞeen˜in“v“estigatedŽ¡‘sç(systems–›°sFš²!OIL,“MILP‘ÿe,“GILP)‘›qwith“the“goal“to“o˜v˜ercome“loMÞcally“optimal“searc˜h“used“inŽ¡‘sçstate-of-the-art–¯¶ILP›¯rsystems“[11Ž‘ ó4,“15Ž‘¢ê].‘ùÍLAI˜researc²!h“in“ILP˜has“already“sho²!wn“its“pMÞoten-Ž¡‘sçtial–Q1for“applications.‘Þ=LINUS‘Qis“a“toMÞol“for“inductivš²!e“learning“from“deductiv˜e“databases“[6Ž‘yš]Ž¡‘sçwhicš²!h–can“bMÞe“used“for“kno˜wledge“disco˜v˜ery“in“databases“and“kno˜wledge“acquisition,‘··e.g.,Ž¡‘sçacquisition–£of“medical“diagnostic“rules“in“rheumatology“[14Ž‘ ó4].‘+”ILP‘†systems“ha•²!v“e–£bMÞeen“usedŽ¡‘sçto–Ç}induce“qualitativš²!e“moMÞdels“[1Ž‘yš].‘A!mF˜OIL‘Çtw˜as“applied“to“ nite“elemen˜t“mesh“design“and“toŽ¡‘sçlearning–Üof“qualitativš²!e“moMÞdels“from“example“qualitativ˜e“bMÞeha˜viours“[5Ž‘yš].‘?ExpMÞerimen˜ts“withŽ¡‘sçMARKUS‘Òyha•²!v“e›Ò„sho“wn˜its˜pMÞoten“tial˜for˜the˜construction˜and˜v“eri cation˜of˜logic˜programsŽ¡‘sç[2Ž‘yš],‘Ìon–‘\discrete“ev•²!en“t›‘\sim“ulation˜as˜w“ell˜as˜the˜inno“v‘ÿdDativ“e˜design˜of˜electric˜circuits˜fromŽ¡‘sç rst–Kñprinciples“[1Ž‘yš].‘¿¶Recenš²!t“w˜ork“has“constructed“qualitativ˜e,‘^as“w˜ell“as“quan˜titativ˜e,‘^moMÞdelsŽ¡‘sçfrom–uíexample“quan•²!titativ“e›uíbMÞeha“viour,‘Ÿb“y˜com“bining˜ILP‘uàand˜mac“hine˜disco“v“ery˜tec“hniquesŽ¡‘sç[7Ž‘yš],–¦fimplemenš²!ted“in“the“LA˜GRANGE“and“GOLDHORN“systems.Ž¡‘-sçLAI›˜©has–˜¬con²!tributed“to“the“ILP˜theory“bš²!y“the“study“of“P‘ÿeA˜C-learnabilit˜y“of“constrainedŽ¡‘sçlogic–¦fprograms“[9Ž›yš]“and“determinate“logic“programs“[8Ž˜].Ž¦‘sçÒRecen¦tt‘2PublicationsŽ¡‘!íÍ[1]ŽŽ‘2ö I.–•‚Bratkš²!o.‘ÔApplications“of“mac˜hine“learning:‘ÕkT‘ÿeo˜w˜ards“kno˜wledge“syn˜thesis.‘Ôó%ý': ó3 cmti10ÐNew‘Û`Gen-Ž¡‘2ö er‘ÿp¹ation‘êêComputing–¦fÍ11“(3{4),“343{360.“Springer-V‘ÿeerlag.Ž¡‘!í[2]ŽŽ‘2ö I.–~Bratkš²!o,‘ôM.“GrobMÞelnik.‘ XtInductiv˜e“learning“applied“to“program“construction“andŽ¡‘2ö v²!eri cation.‘mõÐPr–ÿp¹o“c.–gdA¸\rti cial“Intel‘Fligenc›ÿp¹e“fr˜om“the“Information“Pr˜o˜c˜essing“Persp˜e˜ctiveŽ¡‘2ö AIFIPP'92Í,–¦fMadrid,“Spain,“1992.ŽŽŽŒ‹* ‹ú- ýW‘ì Šn ý‘ì‘!íÍ[3]ŽŽ‘2ö I.–vûBratk²!o,›³ªI.“Mozeti²#‘úÔCc,˜N.“Laš²!vra²#‘úÔCc.“KARDIO:“A‘v®Study“in“Deep“and“Qualitativ˜e“Kno˜wledgeŽ¤ ™š‘2ö for–¦fExpMÞert“Systems.“The“MIT“Press.“1989.Ž¡‘!í[4]ŽŽ‘2ö L.–þ™De“Raedt,›T¦N.“La²!vra²#‘úÔCc,˜S.“D²#‘úÔCzeroski.“Multiple“predicate“learning.“ÐPr–ÿp¹o“c.‘'”Thirte“enthŽ¡‘2ö International–êêJoint“Confer–ÿp¹enc“e–êêon“A¸\rti cial“Intel‘Fligenc‘ÿp¹eÍ.–¦fMorgan“Kaufmann,“1993.Ž¡‘!í[5]ŽŽ‘2ö S.–ì§D²#‘úÔCzeroski.“Handling“impšMÞerfect“data“in“inductiv²!e“logic“programming.“Pro˜c.“ÐF‘ÿ)ourthŽ¡‘2ö Sc–ÿp¹andinavian›c‚Confer“enc“e˜on˜A¸\rti cial˜Intel‘Fligenc“e,‘~—SCAI-93Í,–0§111{125.‘8IOS‘Press,“Am-Ž¡‘2ö sterdam,‘¦f1993.Ž¡‘!í[6]ŽŽ‘2ö S.–Q/Dš²#‘úÔCzeroski,‘b:N.“La•²!vra˜‘úÔCc.›»9Inductiv“e–Q/learning“in“deductiv²!e“databases.˜ÐIEEE‘œpT‘ÿ)r‘ÿp¹ansactionsŽ¡‘2ö on–êêKnow‘Fle›ÿp¹dge“and“Data“Engine˜ering–¦fÍ5“(6),“939{949,“1993.Ž¡‘!í[7]ŽŽ‘2ö S.–#éD²#‘úÔCzeroski,‘CIL.“T‘ÿeoMÞdoroš²!vski.“Disco˜v˜ering“dynamics.“ÐPr–ÿp¹o“c.–^bT‘ÿ)enth“International“Confer-Ž¡‘2ö enc›ÿp¹e–êêon“Machine“L˜e˜arningÍ,–¦f97{103.“Morgan“Kaufmann,“San“Mateo,“CA,“1993.Ž¡‘!í[8]ŽŽ‘2ö S.–+wD²#‘úÔCzeroski,›D S.“Muggleton,˜S.“Russell.‘­EP‘ÿeA•²!C-learnabilit“y–+wof“determinate“logic“programs.Ž¡‘2ö ÐPr–ÿp¹o“c.–†ªFifth“A¸\CM‘†‘Workshop“on“Computational“L–ÿp¹e“arning‘†ªThe“oryÍ,‘O:128{135.‘9oA²!CM‘9SPress,Ž¡‘2ö Baltimore,–¦fMD,“1992.Ž¡‘!í[9]ŽŽ‘2ö S.–¡ñD²#‘úÔCzeroski,›Ö S.“Muggleton,˜S.“Russell.›zdLearnabilit²!y“of“constrained“logic“programs.˜ÐPr–ÿp¹o“c.Ž¡‘2ö Eur–ÿp¹op“e“an›êêConfer“enc“e˜on˜Machine˜L“e“arningÍ.–¦fSpringer-V‘ÿeerlag,“Berlin,“1993.Ž¡‘sç[10]ŽŽ‘2ö M.–c–GrobšMÞelnik.‘ kMARKUS‘c$-“an“optimized“Mo˜del“Inference“System.“ÐPr–ÿp¹o“c.‘„|ECAI'92Ž¡‘2ö Workshop–êêon“L–ÿp¹o“gic“al›êêAppr“o“aches˜to˜Machine˜L“e“arningÍ,–¦fVienna,“Austria,“1992.Ž¡‘sç[11]ŽŽ‘2ö M.‘ð'Ko²!v‘ÿdDa•²#›úÔCci“˜c,‘—N.‘ð'La²!vra“˜c,–—M.›ð'GrobMÞelnik,“D.˜Zupani²#‘úÔCc,“D.˜Mladeni²#‘úÔCc.‘¶‰StoMÞc•²!hastic˜searc“h˜inŽ¡‘2ö inductiv²!e–LClogic“programming.‘ÉÐPr–ÿp¹o“c.–ƒ‚T‘ÿ)enth“Eur–ÿp¹op“e“an›ƒ‚Confer“enc“e˜on˜A¸\rti cial˜Intel‘Fli-Ž¡‘2ö genc‘ÿp¹e‘êêECAI-92Í,–¦f444{445,“1992.Ž¡‘sç[12]ŽŽ‘2ö N.–/7La²!vraš²#‘úÔCc,‘QkS.“D˜‘úÔCzeroski.›rxW‘ÿeeak²!ening“the“language“bias“in“LINUS.˜ÐJournal–hÉon“Exp‘ÿp¹eri-Ž¡‘2ö mental–êêand“The–ÿp¹or“etic“al–êêA¸\rti cial“Intel‘Fligenc‘ÿp¹e–¦fÍ6,“95{119,“1993.Ž¡‘sç[13]ŽŽ‘2ö N.–öÞLa²!vraš²#‘úÔCc,‘ üS.“D˜‘úÔCzeroski.‘ÊŒInductivš²!e“Logic“Programming:‘~ÍT‘ÿeec˜hniques“and“Applications.Ž¡‘2ö Ellis›¦fHorw²!o•MÞo“d,˜1994.Ž¡‘sç[14]ŽŽ‘2ö N.–û¼La²!vraš²#‘úÔCc,‘S.“D˜‘úÔCzeroski,›V.“Pirnat,˜V.“Kri²#‘úÔCzman.‘Ù The“use“of“bacš²!kground“kno˜wledge“inŽ¡‘2ö learning–¦fmedical“diagnostic“rules.‘ÚÀÐApplie›ÿp¹d–êêA¸\rti cial“Intel‘Fligenc˜e–¦fÍ7,“273{293,“1993.Ž¡‘sç[15]ŽŽ‘2ö U.›VêP•²!ompMÞe.‘½WSF“OIL:˜StoMÞc“hastic˜approac“h˜to˜inductiv“e˜logic˜programming.‘½WÐPr–ÿp¹o“c.‘¡ÊSe“c“ondŽ¡‘2ö Slovenian›êêEle–ÿp¹ctr“ote“chnic“al˜and˜Computer˜Confer“enc“e,˜ERK'93Í,‘¦f1993.ŽŸ34‘sçÒCon•¦ttact‘2P“ersonŽ¡‘sçÍNada‘¦fLa²!vra²#‘úÔCcŽ¡‘sçJo²#‘úÔCzef–¦fStefan“InstituteŽ¡‘sçJamo²!v‘ÿdDa‘¦f39Ž¡‘sç61000‘¦fLjubljanaŽ¡‘sçSlo•²!v“eniaŽ¡‘sçPhone:‘ÝÝ+38–¦f61“1259199Ž¡‘sçF‘ÿeax:‘ÝÝ+38–¦f61“219385“or“1258058Ž¡‘sçE-mail:‘ÝÝnada.la²!vrac@ijs.siŽŽŽŒøƒ’À;è‹ú-Οó'ò"V ó3 cmbx10ó%ý': ó3 cmti10ó"Kñ`y ó3 cmr10ù¢ßßßßßß